Which of the following is a formative assessment?

The chosen answer is correct because formative assessments are designed to monitor student learning and provide ongoing feedback that can be used to improve teaching and learning in real time. Observing student responses during guided reading sessions allows educators to assess comprehension skills as students engage with the material. This type of observation provides immediate insights into students' understanding, enabling the teacher to adjust their instructional strategies accordingly to support individual learning needs.

In contrast, conducting a final exam at the end of the term is summative assessment, which evaluates student learning at the conclusion of an instructional unit. Grading students based on attendance does not directly measure their understanding or skills and is not aligned with assessing learning outcomes. Assigning multiple-choice quizzes can be formative if used for immediate feedback, but if they are given exclusively without further engagement or adaptation based on results, they may not serve the same interactive purpose that guided reading observations do.